India is one such country where internal migration is more important than international migration in terms of the numbers of people involved and possibly even the volume of remittances.  Temporary internal migration involves poor, lower caste, and less educated persons, therefore it has large implications in poverty reduction and meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In Non-parametric tests, if a weight variable is specified, it is used to replicate a case as many times as indicated by the weight value rounded to the nearest integer. If the work space requirements are exceeded and samples has been selected, a random sample of cases is chosen for analysis using the algorithm described in the sample. For the runs test, if sampling is specified, it is ignored. The tests are described in Siegel (1956). Combining both these teste, the study aims to study how NPAR tests help in evaluating the population migration’s effects in India specifically in the NCR Region. The major tests include Chi-Square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample Test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Two-Sample Test, Runs Test, Binomial Test, McNemar’s Test, Sign Test, Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Rank Test, Cochran’s Q Test, and Friedman’s Two-Way Analysis of Varianceby Ranks, Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance, Mann-Whitney U Test, Wald-Wolfowitz Runs Test and Moses Test of Extreme Reaction.">

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is investigated as one of the serious environmental problems occurring in the mining industry. AMD characterized by the formation of acidic effluents showing a high content of sulfate and pyrite components(FeS2) in the mining area causing contamination of ground and surface water. During the mining operation, these pyrite and sulphide ores were undergone oxidation and reduction resulting low pH condition and reacting with the water bodies, affecting soil properties, vegetation, and aquatic life. This paper depicts a short review on various amelioration techniques available for acid mine drainage soil treatment in a cost effective and feasible manner

The truck industry is a significant lifeline of the country’s economic activity. There is considerable scope to improve the design of their products. In order to save unloading costs tipper trucks are becoming very popular now a day. These bodies are also known as dump bodies. These are useful in a simple way to unload the material. In many city municipalities garbage is handled by rickshaws, tractors and Lorries. Garbage trucks are not passing into a small street due to bulk in size and there is no unloading facility in rickshaws. For that a small capacity body with the required space for travelling on streets and capable of handle approximately 1 ton of garbage. Reducing weight and stress reduction the optimized model of tipper dump body is modeled and analyzed. The designed three wheeled dump bodies with and without side ribs has been analyzed for stress using the finite element modeling (FEM) in addition to payload weight of garbage has being considered to reduce fuel consumption cost of manufacturing three types of materials are used Mild steel, Aluminum and Stainless steel. Model analysis also performed to find the frequencies to the mode shapes by applying boundary conditions. With the optimized parameters, optimized Model is developed and analyzed, stress analysis is carried out and the results are obtained. After analyzing best body is found.

The mechanical properties of in service facilities are decreased by material degradation. The degradation of mechanical properties affects the safety of operating facilities. So the evaluation of mechanical property or material degradation is important for structural integrity evaluation. Hence the work has been initiated to analyze the relationship between the mechanical properties and the attenuation coefficient of ultrasonic testing. For experimental tests we have selected EN-8 steel as reference. EN-8 steel is subjected to two different isothermal aging at a temperature of 650⁰C and an original specimen respectively. For these specimens tensile tests, hardness test, impact tests and ultrasonic tests were performed. Attenuation coefficients of ultrasonic testing were determined using Pulse-Echo ultrasonic test. A good analysis and estimation between mechanical properties and attenuation coefficient was found

A method has been developed for determining the true value of the parameter in the situations (i) where the observations are composed of some parameter itself & chance errors (random errors) and (ii) where some or all of the observations are repeated. The method has been composed of by compiling some methods which have already been developed for determining the true value of the parameter from distinct observed values in the situation where the observations are composed of some parameter itself & chance errors (random errors). The present paper describes the method, composed here, with application to numerical data.

Pavement thickness design is rapidly transitioning from empirical methods developed in the 1960’s to a more modern and adaptable Mechanistic‐Empirical framework. The limitations of the AASHTO empirical design system and frequent extrapolations leading to overly conservative designs are motivating the consideration of the new AASHTO‐approved Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) and Mechanistic-Empirical Design Software. Design and construction of perpetual pavements, using mechanistic principles in combination with endurance limits, have also become a viable option as agencies seek long‐life, high‐performing pavement structures. This study was motivated due to incessant failures and low-performing pavement structures in Nigeria leading to increased rate of accidents. It has focused on comparisons between the Empirical 1993 AASHTO Guide and the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-E PDG) methodology for flexible and rigid pavements. The comparisons were made via a detailed review of available literature. Throughout the report, the implicit assumption is made that the M-E PDG predictions are closer to true values than those from the 1993 AASHTO Guide. With capabilities beyond the usual empirical design methods therefore, recommendation and adoption of the utilization of the MEPDG for pavement development in Nigeria was made for cost effective and structurally adequate pavements that will serve stakeholders for their full design life.

In India there are many old structures and some of them are of great importance. The strength of these old structures reduces as time passage because of its usage, poor quality of construction materials use in its construction, environmental conditions. Also several factors such as plastic deformation, interaction with the environment, initial design, construction flaws and natural disasters develop various stress in the structure which may result in development of cracks, corrosion in reinforcement, leakage and seepage. The final soundness of a building can vary due to various reasons and thus, only proper precautions at the initial stage and good maintenance in the later life span of the structure can result in a technically sound building. So in order to maintain the soundness of building structural assessment are done base on the distress which have occur in construction.

In this paper we have discussed the finite real interval mathematics which is a part of interval analysis. Again, interval analysis is an extension of real analysis. There several methods for modeling of real-world problems in uncertain environments, like, interval, stochastic, fuzzy, fuzzy intuitionistic and fuzzy-stochastic amongst which interval method is easier and more realistic. We have discussed the interval numbers along with the interval arithmetic and have also presented some well-known functions of interval numbers. Some examples of interval computations have also been given to show their behavior.

In crop production, precision agriculture applications seek to deploy different devices and systems to enhance yield and to reduce ecological impacts by optimizing inputs and timing. Around 40% of the total amount of the world food production is lost through insects, weeds and diseases occurrence in crop fields. Moreover, common farming makes use of chemical application without taking into account local specific factors, such as disease severity and minerals deficiency within the field. The last years of constant improvement of sensing technologies have generated large amounts of spatial and temporal data that represents an opportunity for the deployment of machine learning systems to assess and improve crop production. Data analysis through machine learning indicators that make computers capable of identifying and quantifying patterns taking input data by applying classification, clustering, regression and prediction algorithms. Applications of machine learning in agriculture, cover topics such as diseases and weed detection, canopy cover estimation and yield prediction. This work aims to present a review on key machine learning algorithms and assess works in the precision agriculture area that have been based on such algorithms in order to highlight the potential of this technology towards agriculture.

An attempt has been to study and analyse the performance of a rough hydrodynamic slider bearing under the presence of magnetic fluid as a lubricant. The magnetic field is oblique to the stator and the bearing surfaces are considered to be transversally rough. The roughness of the bearing surfaces is characterized by a stochastic random variable with non-zero mean, variance and skew-ness. The modified Reynolds’ equation is stochastically averaged with respect to the random roughness parameters. This stochastically averaged equation is solved with appropriate boundary conditions to obtain the expression of pressure distribution, which is then used to calculate the load carrying capacity. Numerical integration is calculated by Simpson’s 1/3 rule. The results are presented graphically. It shows that the transverse surface roughness affects the performance of the bearing system adversely. It is revealed that the negative effect of transverse roughness can be minimized to certain extent by the positive effect of the magnetization in the case of negatively skew roughness. While designing the bearing system, the roughness must be given due to consideration

Crystal growth of inorganic nonlinear optical materials has significantly attracted in recent years because of their high value of nonlinear optical coefficients. The nonlinear optical sodium chloride doped Lithium sulphate single crystals were grown by solution growth especially solvent evaporation technique at room temperature. The form of crystallization was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The UV visible spectrum shows that UV cutoff wavelength of the grown crystals have less than 300 nm and have better transparency through entire visible region. Second order nonlinear optical property of the grown crystal has been confirmed by Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test. Mechanical property of grown crystal was tested using Vickers hardness tester.

Mobile phones radiations are transmitted from the mobile phone towers using radiofrequency waves. These radiofrequency radiations received and sent by mobile phones in all directions. The mobile phone radiations were exposed to the human body tissues and were penetrated into it. The exposure of mobile phones radiofrequency fields is generally more than a 1000 time higher than their base stations. There are concerns of mobile phone radiofrequency radiations that could cause health problems. These mobile phone radiations are absorbed by human body can cause health problems. If such mobile phone radiations are high enough, so they cause thermal effects on human body. In this paper we find the harmful distances from the mobile phone radiofrequency waves into testis of human body. This study was done at frequencies 2100 MHz and 2300 MHz and radiated power of 1.5 Watts is taken for this study.

The aim of image segmentation is to separate the region of interest from the background and from other objects. Researchers has long been focusing on image segmentation, yielding many automated methods to perform segmentation of different organs in the human body. Nowadays many approaches are in use to segment the medical MR images, among them the Fuzzy K-Means algorithm is widely used. In cluster analysis, groups of similar objects are identified and therefore it helps in discovering distribution of patterns in large data sets. Fuzzy K-means is the most widely used clustering algorithm in real world applications. This paper presents an approach to segment the MRI brain image using Fuzzy K-Means. The accuracy of the Fuzzy K-Means algorithm is not efficient for abnormal brains. To improve the accuracy of segmentation Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO) is used and the proposed algorithm is tested in MRI brain image.